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Approximately mammalian genes encoding family A or rhodopsin
2022-06-28
Approximately 250 mammalian genes encoding family A (or rhodopsin-like) GPCRs have been cloned (Lee et al., 2001a). As yet, the total number of cloned GPCRs reported in the literature including the secretin and metabotropic glutamate-like families of GPCRs falls short of the projected 616 GPCR-encod
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br Endogenous and synthetic ligands of GPR There are current
2022-06-28
Endogenous and synthetic ligands of GPR55 There are currently limited commercially available synthetic agonists and antagonists that are specific for GPR55. A large number of studies have investigated the pharmacology of GPR55 4, 23, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, with contradictory findings reporte
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Typically upon chronic agonist exposure GPCRs undergo desens
2022-06-28
Typically, upon chronic agonist exposure GPCRs undergo desensitization and internalization resulting in a loss of receptor responsiveness over time (Drake et al., 2006, Kelly et al., 2008). However, not all GPCR systems conform to this model of acute agonist-mediated regulation. Some receptors have
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Restless running behavior was first described in
2022-06-28
‘Restless running behavior’ was first described in mice after administration of 30mg/kg i.p. ALX-5407 and was thought to be due to an augmentation of NMDA-induced dopamine activity [27]. The motor impairments caused by ALX-5407 were confirmed by Perry et al. [10] and extended to another sarcosine-de
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br Discussion The present study showed that
2022-06-28
Discussion The present study showed that Selumetinib the factors of pre-exposure and glutamate drug injections might affect the total latency time. However, the factor of sex did not affect the total latency time. The results indicate that the glutamate system and pre-exposure, but not sex, infl
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Based on the above presumption activation of Sox and
2022-06-27
Based on the above presumption, activation of Sox11 and FAK might be beneficial for alleviating the VILI. Previous studies have showed the relevance of Sox11 or FAK up-regulation with improvement of tissue injury. For example, over-expression of Sox11 protected and improved the tissue function or st
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Tourette s syndrome TS is a neurobehavioral disorder charact
2022-06-27
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. The histaminergic system appears to be implicated in the pathophysiology of TS because H3R up-regulation has been observed in the striatum of HDC knock-out animal models (Rapanelli et al., 2017; Rap
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The more important effect of
2022-06-27
The more important effect of pitolisant is related to its wake-promoting and arousal activities as a result of enhanced receptor tyrosine kinase release in animal models (Ligneau, Perrin, et al., 2007). Moreover, its potential in the treatment of severe excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcole
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There were hub genes identified
2022-06-27
There were 11 hub genes identified by WGCNA among which KIBRA was the hub gene of the black module. The bioinformatics method is an effective and powerful tool to analyze mRNA phosphodiesterase inhibitors profiles and the related pathways. For instance, the lung cancer risk modules that were closel
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YAP TAZ nuclear function is also
2022-06-27
YAP/TAZ nuclear function is also influenced by interaction with the TEAD family of transcription factors [96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101]. The RAC1 A-366 sale exchange factor protein TIAM1 has recently been linked to YAP/TAZ regulation in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nuclear TIAM1 inhibits YAP/TAZ binding t
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Failure of antioxidant defenses to remove exogenous ROS prod
2022-06-27
Failure of antioxidant defenses to remove exogenous ROS produced by redox cycling chemicals either by being inhibited by those compounds or overwhelmed by an excess ROS, will disrupt the balance between antioxidant/prooxidant system within the organisms leading to oxidative damage (Livingstone, 2003
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GCIPs are highly conserved Ca binding
2022-06-27
GCIPs are highly conserved Ca2+-binding proteins first discovered in the frog [42] and later in teleost [9]. With regard to gene structure, sequence conservation, and function, GCIPs are evolutionarily related to the GCAPs. The GCIP genes have acquired an additional intron in the N-terminal region w
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br Conclusion br Acknowledgements This
2022-06-27
Conclusion Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research (15K12715) and was a partly supported by Suzuken Memorial Foundation (2014). The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review. G protein-coupled rec
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br Methods br Results br
2022-06-24
Methods Results Discussion Significant alterations in the expression of genes related to the glutamatergic system have been shown in several experimental models of epilepsy; however, in most studies focused on acute changes or modifications in expression, these were investigated during the
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To help resolve the question of simple
2022-06-24
To help resolve the question of simple binding versus transport, we reasoned that if quercetin is transported by GLUT1, we should be able to block its uptake by other GLUT1 inhibitors. We initially investigated the effects of two newly identified GLUT1 inhibitors, BAY-876 and WZB-117. WZB-117 was fi
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